Co-funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them.

Factual background

Health crisis caused by the emergency of COVID19 highlighted the shortcomings in online education, since educational centres were forced to carry out non face-to-face teaching, compelled to introduce technologies and digitalisation not only for teachers but also for students.  Many difficulties were encountered during these two years of pandemic, and one of the main ones was the digital divide among the student body, addressing different profiles (ethnic minority, socioeconomic status, students with special educational needs…). It is therefore necessary to carry out a detailed study of them in order to establish measures that will help to alleviate these gaps and that guarantee equal education for all students, regardless of their situations and characteristics.

This Module examines some aspects related to the changes imposed by the health emergency, in the period from March 2020 (first phase of the emergency) to today, identifying the different phases of development and underlining some more relevant aspects, both from the point of view of the school as an institution than from the point of view of students and teachers.

References/external links

  • Bakirtzi, E. (2020). COVID-19 and Labour Law: Greece. Italian Labour Law E-Journal, 13(1S). https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1561-8048/10785
  • Bozkurt & Sharma (2020). Emergency remote teaching in a time of global crisis due to CoronaVirus pandemic in Asian Journal of Distance Education, Volume 15, Issue 1, 2020
  • Letzel, Verena, Pozas, Marcela and Schneider, Christoph. "Energetic Students, Stressed Parents, and Nervous Teachers: A Comprehensive Exploration of Inclusive Homeschooling During the COVID-19 Crisis" Open Education Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, 2020, pp. 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1515/edu-2020-0122
  • McClain-Nhlapo, C. An inclusive response to covid-19: education for children with disabilities
  • Nikiforos, S., Tzanavaris, S., Kermanidis, K. (2020). Post-pandemic Pedagogy: Distance Education in Greece During COVID-19 Pandemic Through the Eyes of the Teachers. EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Special Issue: CIE 2020
  • Scully, Lehane, & Scully, 2021. 'It is no longer scary': digital learning before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Irish secondary schools, January 2021Technology Pedagogy and Education 30(3), DOI:10.1080/1475939X.2020.1854844
  • Schleicher, A. The impact of COVID-19 on education - Insights from Education at a Glance 2020
  • Telli Yamamoto, G., & Altun, D. (2020). The coronavirus and rising of online education. Journal of University Research, 3(1), 25–34. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340928375 _Coronavirus_ve_Cevrimici _Online_Egitimin_Onlenemeyen_Yukselisi
  • Realyvásquez-Vargas et al. (2020) The Impact of Environmental Factors on Academic Performance of University Students Taking Online Classes during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico
  • UNESCO (2020), «Covid-19 is a serious threat to aid to education recovery», Global Education Monitoring Report.
  • Zhao, Y. COVID-19 as a catalyst for educational change. Prospects49, 29–33 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09477-y
  • Situación actual de la educación en España a consecuencia de la pandemia (Current situation of education in Spain as a result of the pandemic)
  • Document setting out health situation, measures taken, teaching conditioning, extra resources, educational initiatives and educational policies…
  • Ministerio de Educación y formación profesional − Consejo Escolar (Ministry of Education and Vocational Training – Student Council) https://www.educacionyfp.gob.es
  • Volvemos a clase (Back to school) Document that analyses the impact of confinement in education in Spanish homes during the period from March 2020 to June.
  • Fundación SM (SM Foundation) https://www.fundacion-sm.org/investigacion/informe-volvemos-a-clase
  • Informe de Investigación Covid19 (Covid19 research report)

It is designed by a plural collective of professionals from different sectors: schools, university departments, advisory and counsellors groups, family collaborating entities and Ministries of Education of different Autonomous Communities.